Introduction
Icelandic goats, known scientifically as Capra aegagrus hircus, are a unique breed with a rich history and a range of uses. Native to Iceland, these goats are celebrated for their adaptability, hardiness, and the various products they provide, from meat and milk to luxurious fibers. This article delves into the characteristics, history, uses, and care of Icelandic goats, offering a comprehensive guide for anyone interested in these fascinating animals.
History and Origin
Breed History and Origin
Icelandic goats, also known as settlement goats, trace their origins back to the Norse settlers who brought them to Iceland over 1,100 years ago. These goats have remained relatively unchanged since their introduction, making them a valuable genetic resource. They are among the oldest and purest breeds of domestic goats, with their lineage dating back to the Viking Age.
What is Special About Them?
The Icelandic goat’s genetic purity and resilience make them unique. They have adapted to Iceland’s harsh climate, surviving on sparse vegetation and enduring extreme weather conditions. This adaptability has made them a symbol of endurance and survival.
Goat Characteristics
Physical Description
Icelandic goats are medium-sized, with a robust and sturdy build. They typically have long, flowing hair that provides insulation against the cold. The coat colors vary widely, including white, black, gray, and various combinations thereof. Both males and females generally have horns, which can be quite impressive in size and shape.
Noise Level and Lifespan
Icelandic goats are relatively quiet compared to other goat breeds. They have a gentle demeanor and typically communicate through soft bleats. The average lifespan of an Icelandic goat ranges from 12 to 15 years, although with proper care, some can live longer.
Size and Appearance
- Height: Adult Icelandic goats stand about 28 to 32 inches at the shoulder.
- Weight: They weigh between 130 to 170 pounds, with males being larger than females.
- Horns: Both sexes have horns that can be straight or spiraled, adding to their distinctive appearance.
Climate Tolerance and Hardiness
Icelandic goats are exceptionally hardy, having evolved to thrive in Iceland’s harsh climate. They are well-suited to cold environments and can withstand significant temperature fluctuations. Their thick coats provide excellent protection against the cold, although they can also adapt to milder climates with proper care.
Behavior and Social Structure
Social Nature and Herd Dynamics
Icelandic goats are social animals that thrive in the company of other goats. They form strong bonds within their herd and exhibit friendly and outgoing behavior. It is recommended to keep them in groups, with a minimum of three to ensure social stability.
Temperament and Demeanor
These goats are known for their gentle and friendly temperament. They are curious, intelligent, and relatively easy to handle, making them suitable for both novice and experienced goat keepers.
Care and Maintenance
Health and Nutrition
Icelandic goats are generally healthy and resilient, but they do require regular health checks to prevent common goat diseases. Their diet should consist primarily of forage, including grasses, hay, and browse. They may also require supplemental grains and minerals, especially during the winter months when forage is scarce.
- Food Consumption: An adult Icelandic goat consumes about 4 to 5 pounds of hay per day.
- Water Intake: They need approximately 1 to 1.5 gallons of water daily, depending on the weather and their diet.
Housing and Space Requirements
Providing adequate shelter is crucial, especially in extreme weather conditions. A dry, draft-free barn or shed is ideal. The recommended stocking density is about 6 to 10 goats per acre, allowing enough space for grazing and roaming.
Hygiene and Shearing
Regular grooming and hoof trimming are essential to maintain their health. Icelandic goats are typically shorn twice a year, in spring and fall, to harvest their fiber and to manage their coat for the changing seasons.
Breeding and Reproduction
Breeding Season and Gestation
Icelandic goats are seasonal breeders, with the breeding season usually occurring in the fall. The gestation period lasts about 150 days, resulting in kids being born in the spring.
Kidding and Kid Care
Does generally give birth to one or two kids per kidding. Newborn kids typically weigh around 5 to 7 pounds. It is essential to provide a clean and warm environment for the does and kids during and after birth to ensure their health and survival.
Products and Uses
Meat Production
Icelandic goats are valued for their lean and flavorful meat. An adult goat can yield about 30 to 50 pounds of meat. The meat is tender with a mild flavor, making it popular in various culinary traditions. Goats are typically butchered at around 6 to 9 months of age when the meat is most tender.
Fiber and Wool
Icelandic goats produce two types of fiber: a soft, downy undercoat and a coarser outer coat. The undercoat, known as cashmere, is highly prized for its softness and warmth. The outer coat, or guard hair, is used for making durable textiles. These fibers are shorn twice a year and can be processed into a variety of products, including yarn, clothing, and blankets.
Dairy Production
Icelandic goats are also good milk producers, though they are not as prolific as some other dairy breeds. They produce about 2 to 4 pounds of milk per day. The milk is rich and creamy, ideal for making cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products. The high butterfat content makes Icelandic goat milk particularly desirable.
Purchasing and Costs
Availability and Cost
Icelandic goats are considered rare outside of Iceland, but they can be found through specialized breeders in North America and Europe. The cost of purchasing an Icelandic goat varies depending on the animal’s age, quality, and breeding potential, typically ranging from $300 to $800.
Fun Facts
- Icelandic goats are one of the oldest and purest goat breeds in the world.
- The breed’s population dwindled to about 90 individuals in the late 20th century, but conservation efforts have helped their numbers recover.
- They have a unique ability to browse on a variety of vegetation, making them excellent for land management and weed control.
Conclusion
Icelandic goats are a remarkable breed with a rich history and a variety of uses. Their hardiness, friendly nature, and diverse products make them an excellent choice for both hobby farmers and commercial producers. Whether you are interested in their meat, fiber, or dairy, Icelandic goats offer a rewarding and sustainable option for livestock.